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Investigating species co-occurrence patterns has taken a central role in understanding the causes and consequences of evolution, history, coexistence mechanisms, competition, and environment for community structure and assembly. Indeed, co-occurrence among species is a measurable metric in community that can sometimes indicate the degree of competition, displacement, and environmental effects promoting correlated species distributions.
In this paper, an estimator is proposed to estimate the co-occurrence measured as a binary variable representing the presence or absence of co-occurrence between two species.
Several spatial patterns of species co-occurrences are considered analyzing rare and spatially clustered epiphytic lichen community characterized by several species of conservation concern.